Tokhtamysh had his own power broken, however, by his former ally Timur, who invaded the Horde’s territory in 1395, destroyed Sarai Berke, and deported most of the region’s skilled craftsmen to Central Asia, thus depriving the Horde of its technological edge over resurgent Muscovy.Recent studies in anthropology have increasingly come to understand Islam as a “set of interpretative resources and practices” accumulated over centuries through engaging with the key sources of Islam-the Quran, hadith, and prophetic custom ( sunna). Mamai’s successor and rival, Tokhtamysh, sacked and burned Moscow in retaliation in 1382 and reestablished the Horde’s dominion over the Russians. The Russian princes won a signal victory over the Horde general Mamai at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. The Black Death, which struck in 1346–47, and the murder of Öz Beg’s successor marked the beginning of the Golden Horde’s decline and disintegration.
The Horde carried on an extensive trade with Mediterranean peoples, particularly their allies in Mamlūk Egypt and the Genoese. The Russian princes, particularly those of Muscovy, soon obtained responsibility for collecting the local tribute. The Turkic tribes concentrated on animal husbandry in the steppes, while their subject peoples, East Slavs, Mordvinians, Greeks, Georgians, and Armenians, contributed tribute. The Horde was gradually Turkified and Islamized, especially under their greatest khan, Öz Beg (1312–41). The capital was later moved upstream to Sarai Berke, which at its peak held perhaps 600,000 inhabitants. Find out who really invented movable type, who Winston Churchill called "Mum," and when the first sonic boom was heard.īatu founded his capital, Sarai Batu, on the lower stretch of the Volga River. Get hooked on history as this quiz sorts out the past. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them!
Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.
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